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The extinction of the woolly mammoth: was it a quick freeze?

Summary

Apart from formerly glaciated areas, woolly mammoth remains are abundant in the surficial sediments of the mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, including western Europe, northern and eastern Asia, Alaska and the Yukon. There are probably millions of mammoths buried in the permafrost of Siberia alone. The mammoths are found with a wide variety of other mammals, large and small, many of which were grazers. They lived in a grassland environment with a long growing season, mild winters, very little permafrost, and a wide diversity of plants—quite different from the climate in the region today.
The mammoths and other animals colonised the region after the Flood during the ice age. The region’s climate during the ice age was ideal for rapid population growth and, in the 600 or so years before their demise, the population had grown to many millions of animals. They were buried in the dust storms that deposited the loess blankets found in those regions today. Some were entombed in a standing position. The good state of preservation of the stomach contents does not call for super-rapid freezing of the carcasses. Rather than food digestion, the mammoth stomach acts as a food storage pouch. The mammoths became extinct when, at the end of the ice age, the climate in the region became more continental, with colder winters, warmer summers, and drier conditions.
Frozen carcasses and many thousands of tons of bones and tusks of woolly mammoths are buried in Siberia and Alaska. In March 2000, the Discovery Channel produced a special on the excavation of a carcass in north central Siberia, called the Jarkov mammoth. This mammoth was cut out of the permafrost and transported by helicopter into cold storage for future analysis and possible cloning.¹
Mammoth remains have puzzled scientists and laymen for hundreds of years. Many explanations have been offered. One of the most popular hypotheses is that one eventful day, the hairy elephants were peacefully grazing on grass and buttercups when suddenly, tragedy struck, and millions of them froze instantly.
This article examines the life and death of the woolly mammoth in Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon Territory of Canada. These areas, together with the surrounding shallow ocean (Bering Strait), are called Beringia. There are still unknowns associated with the woolly mammoth and its environment in Beringia. Some information is conflicting. However, the data is pointing to a unique environment and extinction of the woolly mammoths in Beringia.

শুরু হল সম্পুন্ন বাংলা ভাষায় পি এইচ পি শেখার জন্য ওয়েবসাইট

সর্বশক্তিমান আল্লাহর নামে শুরু করছি

সবাই কেমন আছেন? আপনারা জেনে আনন্দিত হবেন যে বাংলাদেশে এই প্রথম পিএইচপি শেখার জন্য তৈরি হয়েছে একটি বাংলা ওয়েব সাইট। যে ওয়েব সাইট এ আপনাদের জন্য প্রকাশিত হবে পিএইচপি টিউটোরিয়াল যা সম্পুর্ন বাংলা ভাষায়। তাই আপনার এখন খুব সহজেই পিএইচপি শিখতে পারবেন।

পিএইচপি কি?

More about Mastodons (Mammut americanum)

The American mastodon (Mammut americanum) is one of the most not only famous but also best dishonorable fossil mammals of the Pleistocene Epoch. Its fossils have been composed in the thousands and several complete or practically absolute skeletons have been improved. Some unbelievable specimens have even preserved hair and internal organs.

Mammoths

Three species of mammoths (genus Mammuthus) lived on the mainland of the United States at the end of the last Ice Age. These were the Columbian mammoth (M. columbi), Jefferson's mammoth (M. jeffersonii), and the woolly mammoth (M. primigenius). Of these, not only Jefferson's mammoth but also the woolly mammoth has been known from the midwestern U.S.
Mammoths, mastodons and modern elephants, are members of the order Proboscidea. The mammoths are directly associated to the breathing elephants, especially to the Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus).
As adults these late-occuring mammoths stood between about 3 and 3.7 meters (10-12 feet) at the shoulder and weighed between 5500 and 7300 kilograms (6-8 tons).

Mammoth Teeth

The teeth of mammoths are quite individual. They are collected of a set of condensed enamel plates that are detained together with cemented. These cemented plates make a very tall, strong, and wear-resistant tooth. After a tooth erupts from the gum crack, the mammoth uses it in grinding coarse vegetation like grass. This use causes the tooth to build up a flat top with low enamel ridges where the plates have been damaged.
The tall structure of these hypsodont (shallow-rooted) teeth make them very unwilling to wear. This is important because mammoths are thought to have been chiefly grass-eaters. Grass is a very hard textile to eat. It has small pieces of silica (a glass-like substance) in its leaves. These pieces of silica act like sandpaper grit and would wear away a less opposed to tooth very hurriedly.
Mammoths are recurrently found as fossils in the midwestern U.S. Most often lonely teeth are found. Mammoth fossils are most common in areas that were enclosed by savannas, grasslands, or tundra all through the last Ice Age. This map shows some of the significant mammoth finds in the region.
Regarding 1.5 to 1.8 million years ago the first mammoths entered North America. These mammoths came from Eurasia, crossing the Bering Strait at a time when sea level was lower than today. The first mammoths from Eurasia belonged to a species called M. meridionalis. The descendants of this species of mammoth integrated both the Columbian and Jefferson's mammoths. The woolly mammoths evolved in Eurasia and came over the Bering Strait much later (perhaps less than 500,000 years ago). Roughly 11,000 years ago all species of mammoths went extinct in North America.
Find out more about this extinction.
Although only bone and teeth of mammoths are sealed in the Midwestern U.S., the Illinois State Museum also has a sample of mammoth hair from Siberia.
This photograph shows a sample of hair from the Yuribei Mammoth. The Yuribei Mammoth was institute along the Yuribei River on the Gyda Peninsula, NW Siberia, Russia. It is a young adult, feminine mammoth. She was roofed with a long and thick, brownish hair coat, an example of which is shown above. Radiocarbon dating indicates that she lived about 11,000 years ago.
The Yuribei Mammoth was composed in 1979 by a multidisciplinary team in place of three institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The hair sample revealed here was accessible to the Illinois State Museum in 1991 by Dr. Gennady Baryshnikov, of the History of Faunas Department of the Zoological Insitute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.

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